Abstract
Berries are natural sources of anthocyanins, especially cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), and exhibit significant antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective effects against various oxidative stress-induced disorders. C3G and its metabolites possess higher absorption and bioavailability, and interaction with gut microbiota may enhance their health benefits. Various in vitro studies have shown the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mitigating potential of C3G. However, in in vivo models, C3G exerts its cytoprotective properties by regulating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant-responsive element (ARE) pathway. Despite existing reports stating various health benefits of C3G, its antioxidant potential by modulating the Nrf2 pathway remains less identified. This review discusses the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response of C3G in modulating oxidative stress against DNA damage, apoptosis, carcinogen toxicity, and inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, we have reviewed the recent clinical trial data to establish cross talk between a berry-rich diet and disease prevention.
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Abbreviations
- ARE:
-
Antioxidant response element
- ATM:
-
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated
- ATR:
-
Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related
- BTL:
-
Bilitranslocase transporter
- C3G:
-
Cyanidin-3-glucoside
- CAT:
-
Catalase
- CCl4 :
-
Carbon tetrachloride
- COX:
-
Cyclooxygenase
- DN:
-
Diabetic nephropathy
- ERK:
-
Extracellular signal-regulated kinases
- FA:
-
Ferulic acid
- FOXO3:
-
Forkhead box O3
- FW:
-
Fresh weight
- GLUT:
-
Glucose transporter
- GPx:
-
Glutathione peroxidase
- GSH:
-
Glutathione
- GSK-3β:
-
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
- H. pylori :
-
Helicobacter pylori
- HO-1:
-
Heme oxygenase 1
- IVA:
-
Isovanillic acid
- JNK:
-
C-Jun N-terminal kinase
- Keap1:
-
Kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein with CNC homology [ECH]-associated protein 1
- LOX:
-
Lipoxygenase
- Maf:
-
Musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MCT1:
-
Mono-carboxylated transporter 1
- NQO1:
-
NAD(P)H:quinone acceptor oxidoreductase 1
- Nrf2:
-
Nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2
- PCA:
-
Protocatechuic acid
- PGA:
-
Phloroglucinaldehyde
- PI3K:
-
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PKCδ:
-
Protein kinase C delta
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- SGLT1:
-
Sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- Ub:
-
Ubiquitin
- UVB:
-
Ultraviolet B
- VA:
-
Vanillic acid
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Acknowledgments
The authors thank the American University of Ras Al Khaimah (AURAK) for supporting the successful completion of this review article. The authors also thank Dr. Rebecca Linger, Professor at the University of Charleston and Dr. Ayshwarya Lakshmi Chelakkot for commenting and proof reading this article.
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CGV: Conceptualization and Design; SR, SM, PN, WR, CGV: Writing-original draft preparation; CGV, SR, SM, PN, WR: Writing-reviewing and editing; CGV: Supervision.
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Rahman, S., Mathew, S., Nair, P. et al. Health benefits of cyanidin-3-glucoside as a potent modulator of Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress. Inflammopharmacol 29, 907–923 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-021-00799-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-021-00799-7