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Incidence and risk factors of drug-induced kidney injury in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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Abstract

Purpose

To comprehensively summarize the incidence and risk factors of drug-induced kidney injury (DIKI) in children.

Methods

We systematically searched seven databases from inception to November 2022. Two independent reviewers selected studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. Meta-analyses were conducted to quantify the incidence and risk factors of DIKI in children.

Results

A total of 69 studies comprising 195,894 pediatric patients were included. Overall, the incidence of DIKI in children was 18.2% (95%CI: 16.4%-20.1%). The incidence of DIKI in critically ill children (19.6%, 95%CI: 15.9%-23.3%) was higher than that in non-critically ill children (16.1%, 95%CI: 12.9%-19.4%). Moreover, the risk factors for DIKI in children were intensive care unit (ICU) admission (OR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.42–1.78, P = 0.000), treatment days (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.03–1.05, P = 0.000), surgical intervention (OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.00–2.02, P = 0.048), infection (OR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.44–3.66, P = 0.000), patent ductus arteriosus (OR = 4.78, 95% CI: 1.82–12.57, P = 0.002), chronic kidney disease (OR = 2.78, 95% CI: 1.92–4.02, P = 0.000), combination with antibacterial agents (OR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.54–2.55, P = 0.000), diuretics (OR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.51–2.56, P = 0.000), combination with antiviral agents (OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.11–2.04, P = 0.008), combination with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (OR = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.40–2.28, P = 0.000), and combination with immunosuppressive agents (OR = 2.84, 95% CI: 1.47–5.47, P = 0.002).

Conclusion

The incidence of DIKI in children is high, especially in critically ill children. Identifying high-risk groups and determining safer treatments is critical to reducing the incidence of DIKI in children. In clinical practice, clinicians should adjust medication regimens for high-risk pediatric groups, such as ICU admission, some underlying diseases, combination with nephrotoxic drugs, etc., and regularly evaluate kidney function throughout treatment.

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Availability of data and materials

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Funding

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation for Young Scholars of China (72004151) and the Sichuan Natural Science Foundation Youth Fund Project (23NSFSC4810).

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Author notes

  1. Miao Zhang and Bingchen Lang have contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

    Miao Zhang, Bingchen Lang, Hailong Li, Liang Huang, Linan Zeng, Zhi-Jun Jia & Lingli Zhang

  2. Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

    Miao Zhang, Bingchen Lang, Hailong Li, Liang Huang, Linan Zeng, Zhi-Jun Jia & Lingli Zhang

  3. NMPA Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation, Chengdu, China

    Miao Zhang, Bingchen Lang, Hailong Li, Liang Huang, Linan Zeng, Zhi-Jun Jia & Lingli Zhang

  4. Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

    Miao Zhang, Bingchen Lang, Hailong Li, Liang Huang, Linan Zeng, Zhi-Jun Jia, Guo Cheng, Yu Zhu & Lingli Zhang

  5. West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

    Miao Zhang & Zhi-Jun Jia

  6. Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

    Guo Cheng & Yu Zhu

  7. Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

    Guo Cheng

  8. Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

    Lingli Zhang

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  1. Miao Zhang
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  8. Yu Zhu
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  9. Lingli Zhang
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Contributions

YZ, HL, and LL Z designed the study; MZ, BL, and LH participated in drafting and writing the study; MZ, BL, and HG participated in the formulation of retrieval strategies, data acquisition, data analysis, and quality assessment; MZ and ZJ participated in the drawing of tables and figures. performed the data analysis; LZ, HL, YZ, and LL Z participated in the critical revision of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the research and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Yu Zhu or Lingli Zhang.

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Zhang, M., Lang, B., Li, H. et al. Incidence and risk factors of drug-induced kidney injury in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 79, 1595–1606 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-023-03573-6

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